Linguistic Resistance in Japan Against the Use of English

 

 

Abstract

This paper explores the complex psychological relationship between the Japanese people and the Western world, particularly in the context of the United States and the English language. It examines the historical and cultural factors that have contributed to a sense of inferiority among the Japanese, stemming from Japan's post-war experiences and the global dominance of Western powers. The paper also discusses how this inferiority complex is manifested in the use of English loanwords in everyday Japanese, highlighting a psychological desire for social and intellectual advancement. Furthermore, it explores how this inferiority has transformed into a form of cultural rivalry, with Japan asserting its own modernity and global significance. Through the lens of language, this paper illustrates the shifting dynamics of Japan's relationship with the West and the ongoing negotiation of cultural identity in an increasingly globalized world.

 

The psychological dynamics of the Japanese people's complex relationship with the Western world—particularly the United States and the English language—has been a significant subject of academic study in recent decades. The Japanese have often been seen as experiencing a sense of inferiority, especially in the post-war era, as they came to terms with the rise of Western power and dominance. This complex is fueled by historical events, social pressures, and the lingering impact of the American occupation after World War II (Sugimoto, 2014; Iriye, 1997). Despite their economic success, many Japanese continue to feel culturally subordinated to Western ideals, particularly in areas like language, technology, and global influence. However, over time, this inferiority has shifted into a more complex form of rivalry, especially in the context of the globalized English language and the Westernized world order (Hofstede, 2001).

The sense of inferiority manifests prominently in the cultural and linguistic sphere, particularly with the influence of English. Many Japanese feel compelled to master English as a symbol of modernity and global competence, often associating fluency with success. This is evident in the proliferation of English loanwords in everyday Japanese. Words like "コンピュータ" (konpyu-ta, computer), "アイデア" (idea), and "オフィス" (office) are used frequently in conversation and media. These loanwords are not only functional but often perceived as more prestigious or sophisticated than their Japanese equivalents (Kubota, 2002). By inserting English terms into Japanese discourse, speakers may feel they elevate their speech to a higher, more globalized standard. This phenomenon reflects the psychological desire to align with the perceived superiority of Western culture and language.

Interestingly, the usage of English in this way can also signify a form of subtle cultural superiority. While the Japanese may feel inferior when they are unable to master English, the frequent use of English loanwords in everyday life allows them to position themselves as cosmopolitan and forward-thinking. For instance, in the Japanese corporate world, the frequent incorporation of English terms into business presentations is often viewed as a mark of competence and status. As noted by Kachru (1985), this use of "prestige" English reflects both a dependence on and a desire to emulate Western power while maintaining a level of cultural distinctiveness.

 

However, this complex has evolved over time, and in the post-globalization era, a "reverse inferiority complex" has emerged. As Japan's economic power and technological advancements have garnered global recognition, there has been a shift toward a form of cultural rivalry with the West. This shift is particularly evident in the realm of language, where the Japanese take pride in their linguistic heritage as distinct from English. The use of English is increasingly seen less as a symbol of Western dominance and more as a tool for global competition (Nakamura, 2006). At the same time, English-language proficiency tests and the omnipresence of English in global business and media can fuel the desire to prove Japan's intellectual and technological prowess on the world stage, a response to the perceived dominance of English-speaking nations.

 

In conclusion, the psychological dynamics of Japan's relationship with the Western world and English are complex and multilayered. The initial sense of inferiority, shaped by historical contexts and cultural shifts, has given way to a more nuanced form of rivalry. Japanese speakers' use of English loanwords is both an expression of cultural aspiration and a form of resistance against Western cultural dominance. As Japan continues to assert its place in the globalized world, this rivalry is likely to persist, with ongoing negotiations between cultural pride and the recognition of global interdependence.

 

References

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations(2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Iriye, A. (1997). The globalizing of America: A history. Harvard University Press.

Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standardization of English in the Asian context. TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 611-634.

Kubota, R. (2002). The impact of global English on Japanese language and culture. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 12(1), 1-24.

Nakamura, M. (2006). Japanese modernity and the transformation of the linguistic field. Journal of Japanese Studies, 32(2), 227-247.

Sugimoto, Y. (2014). An introduction to Japanese society (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.